The Sarkuh porphyry copper deposit is located in the 180 km west of Kerman province, 6 km southwest of Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine in the northeast of Pariz city. Considering geological divisions, it is a part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. The exposed rocks in this area are mainly composed of volcanic units, tuffs, andesite and basaltic andesite. Also intrusive units include granite to granodiorite, and to a lesser extend quartz diorite rocks. Major alterations of this deposit include potassic, phyllic, argillic and propylitic, as well as intermediate alterations such as potassic - argillic and potassic - phyllic. The purpose of this research is to study the chemical features of biotite and chlorite in order to investigate the physicochemical attributes of porphyry system during magmatic to hydrothermal transition in the potassic alteration. Based on the temperatures of reequilibrated biotite, at the time of magmatic to hydrothermal transition, the temperature ranged from 343 to 397°C. Also high magnesium nature of biotites, and their positioning in the boundary of magnetite-hematite (HM) and nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffering lines, as well as presence of magnetite with hematite rims indicate previlling of the high oxygen fugacity during potassic alteration. In addition, scattered patterns of Log (fH2O / fHF) and Log (fH2O / fHCl) represent the gradual changes of hydrothermal fluids during potassic alteration. The results of this study show that the occurrence of chloritization (clinochlore composition) of biotite occurred during the thermal change from 295.2 to 354.4 ° C. Also, chloritization of reequilibrated biotite lead to the increasing of Fe3+, Fe2+ and MgO in chlorite in comparison with host biotite.

 Parkam and Abdar porphyry Cu deposits are located in Kerman province, in the southern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. In the both deposits, alterations such as potassic, potassic-phyllic, biotitic, phyllic, propylitic, and argillic have been identified. The aim of this study is to characterize the phyllic alteration using silicate and sulfide chemistry. In this way representative phyllic alteration samples were analyzed by EMPA analysis. Results show that pyrite in the phyllic alteration of selected deposits is characterized by variable range of trace metals , which may indicate a change in the composition of the hydrothermal fluids. Based on the results, pyrites of phyllic alteration can be considered as main hosts for the precise elements (e.g., Ag, Au), metalloids (e.g., As, Sb, Se, Te) and heavy metals (e.g., Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Hg). Moreover, the results of EMPA showed that fine-grained micas in the phyllic alteration of studied deposits consistently have K-rich muscovite composition. Also, Ti-Na-Mg (a.p.f.u) discrimination plot indicate that studied micas have secondary origin forming during hydrothermal alteration processes.

Khuzestan province is one of the regions in Iran which has had the highest amount of dust downfall in recent years. This province also has a lot of different industries and high urban and suburban traffic. Therefore it is too important to study this dust storm events for characterization of dust particles and determination its environmental indexes. Regarding the data gathered from 13 weather Sinoptic stations located in different parts of Khuzestan, during a 6 year period from 2009 to 2015, 406 days of dust with internal source was reported. The Bostan station in Northwest of the province with a yearly average of 11.1 days had the most, and Sinoptic stations in Izeh and Masjed Soleiman with a yearly average of 0.8 days had the least number of dusty days. By using the meteorology data, proper sampling locations from desert sediments and dust storms were selected. 62 samples including 8 from small and large desert sources and 40 from internal dust storms with different TSP aerodynamic ratios were collected from Ahwaz, Hendijan, and Behbahan By using portable method PM10 samples were collected by High Volume Air Sampler. For laboratory analysis some of the samples were selected and analyzed by XRD and SEM methods for morphology and mineralogy in the central lab of Kansaran binaloos using Philips 3040 and also the central lab of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz. The samples were also analyzed for determining the composition of the elements in Actlabs of Canada using ICP-MS. The aromatic components were determined by the method of GC-MS. In cording to result of analyses, the mineralogy of dust storms was similar to the sedimental areas in Khuzestan and include three main groups of carbonates, silicates, and evaporates. Dispersion of heavy metals such as Zn and As in PM10 samples, in comparison with the two other groups has a higher amount and has caused an environmental anxiety regarding these dust particles. In addition, in some TSP samples including T1, T15, T16, AND T21 Pb (Kooy-e-Mellat, Kooy-e-Enghelab and Golestan districts of Ahwaz) has an enrichment trend in comparison with other sampling stations. The most important elemental anomaly belongs to Zn which in some PM10 samples reaches to more than 5000 ppm. The abundance of Ni and V in all sampling groups is high and sometimes reaches to 70 ppm. For exact determination of the level of the pollution of heavy metals, Environmental Indices were calculated. By using SPSS 19.0 the Pearson coefficient was calculated. The contamination factor of 5 elements (V, Ni, Co, Cd, and Pb) in TSP samples is higher than the PM10 samples and this could possibly show the effect of fabric. In cording Contamination Factor, all the studied samples have a high degree of contamination. The enrichment factor of V, Ni, Co, Cd, and Pb in TSP samples showed the highest amount in comparison with desert sediments and PM10 samples. For determining the source of PAHs, the isomeric ratio of BaA/(BaA+Chr), IND/(IND+BghiP), Ant/(Ant+Phe), LMW/HMW, and (∑COMB)/(∑PAHS) were used. The cancer risk (TCA) was also calculated by concentration of Benzo (a) pyrene and the sum of aromatic compounds (∑PAHs). The assessment of abundance and dispersion of aromatic compounds showed that the concentration of PAH varies between 40 to 930 ppb in sediment samples and highest amounts were in S6, S51, and S22 with 6110, 6467, and 5591 (Eastern Ahwaz, Susangerd, and Omidiyeh- Aghajari). In all the sampling stations the ratio of LMW/HMW is less than one which shows a pyrogenic source for PAHs in the sediment samples. The lowest amount of TCA belongs to Eastern Ahwaz, and the highest amount belongs to omidiyeh- Aghajari, Susangerd, and Eastern Ahwaz. Regarding PM10 particles, the concentration of PAH components show a range from 51 to 172 ppb. In the TSP samples, the highest amount of TCA, belongs to samples T14-1, T14, T13, and T4 (Zeytoon-e-Karmandi, Kianabad, and Kooy-e-Enghelab) with 1014.8, 1769.2, 1004, and 895.

The Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in northwest of Raveh village, Delijan city, Markazi province. Structurally, this deposit is placed in central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc (UDMA) and it is formed from two parts, under the name of south and north hills with andesite to andesit-basalt wall-rock and granitoid host-rocks (diorite, quartzdiorite and monzodiorite). The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and chemical conditions of magma in order to achieve the evolution of the magma and its impact on the increasing of mineralization. In this way, in addition of mineralogy investigations, sample collection was done from unaltered, mineralized and less-altered rocks. Geochemical studies on two groups of silicate and sulfide minerals were performed using the EMPA method. Mineralogical and geological evidences indicate the presence of phyllic, argillic and supergene alterations with more abundance of hornblende, biotite and magnetite which are effective factors on the increasing of mineralization potential. The EMPA geochemical studies on the amphibole indicate they are magmatic, calcice and range in composition from magnesio hornblende, edenite, magnesio hastingsite to chermakite. The composition of these amphiboles is associated with calc-alkaline magma, occurring in subduction environments. The data indicate that magma is formed at a pressure 2/86-1/36 kbr, temperature of 899-818 ° C, oxygen fugacity of -11. The presence of hydrated minerals such as amphibole reveals a water-rich magmatic system. The water content of magma is estimated to be in average 5%. In the Dalli porphyry deposit, K- feldspar is sanidine and plagioclase range in combination from andesine to labradorite composition. K- feldspar and plagioclase have zoning pattern of normal type. Biotite in the porphyry system are magnesium-rich with a combination of phlogopite. Biotites are of magmatic type that affected hydrothermal fluid. Linear trend in the graph of log (X Cl / OH) / XMg and log (XF / XOH) / XFe are represents the crystallization of minerals in the same physical and chemical conditions. The amount of fluorine and chlorine in the biotites are plotted in the range of halogen content of other porphyry copper systems. Biotites of Dalli deposit were formed in temperature of the 698 to 722 ° C, those To achieve balance in the buffer with high oxygen fugacity (HM). Biotite and amphibole were formed in a magma with high oxidation. Reducing in the temperature of magmatic amphibole to biotite is reflect changes in the physical and chemical conditions. This change is caused the instability of ligands carrying metals and those provide conditions for the deposition and concentration of sulfide minerals such as pyrite and chalcopyrite.

 

 Asaluyeh is located in the province of Bushehr in Southwest of Iran. It has the most and the biggest petrochemical plants in the country. In recent years there has been a significant rise in the worries regarding the health conditions of the people who work in these plants and live near them. The present research is one of the first researches focusing on the level of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the street dust of this city. For this purpose 11 samples of dust were collected from the streets around a production unit and a reservoir tank located in one of the biggest plants. The samples were then analyzed by ICP-OES for determination of level of heavy metals and by GC-MS for determination of level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. High levels of As, Co, Cr, Mo, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Pb were observed in all stations (S1 to S14) due to the presence of operation units. The results for enrichment factor (EF) show that Zn has high enrichment, metals like As, Co, Cr, Li, Ni, and Pb have medium, while other metals like Cu, Cd, Fe, Mo, and Mn have low enrichments. The results regarding the ecological risk showed that all metals had a high level of ecological risk. Analytical calculations such as principle component analysis (PCA), Pearson’s coefficient, and cluster analysis (CA), revealed that fuel production, high traffic, raw materials and final products of the petrochemical plants are the main sources of heavy metals production. 13 out of 16 important PAH components set by EPA, were found in the dust samples. Petroleum and bio-mass burning were found to be the main sources for this type of pollution. The investigations showed that a waste burning plant near the petrochemical plant which burns solid and liquid wastes, biological and chemical mud, oils and paraffin is another source of accumulation of PAHs in the street dust of this petrochemical plant. In this research the risk of cancer with the rise of age (ILRC) was also investigated and the results was positive.

 The Kazem Abad Pb-Zn (Ag) deposit is located 23 Km southwest of Khomein city, Markazi province and occurred in the Sanandaj –Sirjan zone. The Kazem Abad deposit exposed in phylite and slates of upper Traissic-Jurassic sediments. The aim of this study is investigation of geology and geochemistry of Kazem Abad Pb-Zn (Ag) deposit with a discussion of its genesis. Geological investigations in the area confirm stratabound structure, Mineralized joints and veins. Based on mineralogical studies, galena occured as the main mineral and sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite occur to a lesser extent. Quartz as the most abundant gang mineral. Galena ores in the veins exhibit extreme deformation owing to the tectonic forces after the mineralization. Replacement, massive and filling-space are the major textures. These evidences indicate syngenetic and epigenetic mineralization in the Kazem Abad deposit. caused epigenetic structures and made folding, deformation and remobilization of ores in the area. In this way in addition to Mineralogical studies, ICP-MS analysis was carried out in order to measuring the major, trace and rare earth elements. Geochemical analysis in Kazem Abad deposit indicates Zn-Pb enrichment in phylite host-rock, which can be the supplier for metallic elements of orebody. The low ratios of Al (average 162.75ppm) ,¬Ti (average 16 ppm) in the samples of Kazem Abad deposit could be a sign for presence of hydrothermal¬ ore-bearing fluids. Ni/Co ratios (>1; average 3.35) in most of Kazm Abad samples represent a primary syngeneic hydrothermal mineralization. REE distribution pattern shows the same trend between host-rock and ores. All samples are characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements compared to the heavy rare earth elements on the chondrite normalized REE diagram (LaN/LuN>1; average 7.84 ppm ). LREE enrichments and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* average 1.2) are the indicators of anoxic condition and hydrothermal fluids. Variety of Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce* between 0.22-1.45) indicates lack of uniform absorption of Ce by minerals. SEDEX type deposition is confirmed by data for the Kazem Abad deposit. The genesis consist of outgoing of hydrothermal fluids from the depth, entering into sea water and reducing the temperature of hydrothermal fluid by mixing with sea water, ascending near the sea level, moving through sediments and circulating in free spaces of them. After that caused leaching metals from sediments and set them along the free spaces.

Khoozestan province and the city of Abadan, due to being very close to the deserts of Iraq and Saudi Arabia and also the long time activity of Abadan refinery and petrochemical plants, face the receipt and accumulation of a great amount of dust containing heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons every year. Since these elements (metals) have a harmful effect on human health, it is necessary to study their concentration and pollution degree in the street dust of Abadan. In this study, dust samples were collected from different places with different utilities (e.g., industrial, residential, park, highway, commercial, educational, and hospital) of which, one was chosen as the control point. After being prepared in the laboratory, samples were then analyzed by ICP-MS, for determining the concentration of heavy metals. Samples were also analyzed by GC-MS for measuring the amount of PAHs. The average values for the index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) indicated that heavy metals like As, Cd, Fe, Mo, Ni, and V were of the practically uncontaminated class, while other heavy metals such as Ba, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn were of the class of uncontaminated to moderately uncontaminated. Average values of enrichment factor (EF) indicated that heavy metals like As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Na, and V were related to the category of deficient to mineral enrichment while other heavy metals like Ba, Pb, and Zn were related to the category of moderate enrichment. PAHs with high molecular weight (HMW) were dominant in all samples. The sum of carcinogenic PAHs was bigger than the non-carcinogenic. It was also confirmed that all the PAHs had a pyrogenic origin. Statistical analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) tests were employed to assess the nature of the pollutants. The results indicated that both heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons originate from anthropogenic sources such as refinery, petrochemical plant and road traffic. Particle size was also applied on all samples. The results showed that clay was the most dominant particle in all the samples. This is one reason for the accumulation of heavy metals since acts as an absorbent for both heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The pH of all samples was alkalified and since most heavy metals are not mobile in alkalified conditions, this is another reason for the accumulation of these pollutants.

 Abstract:
Mahshahr city is exposed to a wide variety of pollutants owing to the presence of various environmental polluttant sources. In this city, petrochemical industries, as well as urban and intercity vehicles are considered as the main sources of air pollution causing the dust particles emission to the environment. The aim of present work is the assessment of concentration and source of heavy metals, as well as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the dust streets of the Mahshahr city. In this way, 10 samples were collected from streets and margin of sidewalks in areas with different utility (e.g., industrial, commercial, educational, high traffic, hospital, residential, and public gurden). After the initial preparation in laboratory, the samples were analyzed to determine the concentration of heavy metals and PAHs, using ICP-OES and GC-MS, respectively. In order to correctly characterize the level of contamination of heavy metals geo- accumulation index, pollution index, potential ecological risk and enrichment factors were calculated. Also, statistical analyses such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were carried out to provide insight into the origin of pollutions. Taken as a whole, level of contamination in all sampling sites is low to moderate. Calculation of enrichment factor revealed that heavy metals such as, Pb, Zn ,Cu and Fe have moderate enrichment, while those of Co ,Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo and V have low enrichment. Importantly, the results of ecological risk assessment represent that special economic zone has significant high ecological risk, whereas a moderate ecological risk was evaluated from samples collected in Koi-e- Tohid park, municipal market, city center, gas station and terminal. The lowest ecological risk was calculated in samples taken from hospital and residential areas. Based on statistical analysis, there are three main sources for heavy metals. The first source consists of zinc, copper, chromium, manganese, vanadium, iron and molybdenum. These metals are derived from industrial activities, and traffic. The second includes antimony and cobalt. High traffic of vehicles is the main source of these metals. The third consists of lead and nickel. Vehicles transportation and parking places mostly lead to the emission of these heavy metals from the car engines. Lead also have traffic source due to the combustion of Pb-bearing gasoline. From 16 main PAHs determined by the EPA, 13 PAHs were detected in dust samples. The isomer ratios such as BaA/(BaA+Chr), IND/(IND+BghiP), LMW/HMW, ΣCOMB/ΣPAH was used for determining the origin of PAHs in street dust samples. The results showed a pyrogenic source for these compounds which originated mostly from combustion of petroleum fuel, combustion of coal and biomass. Importantly, the sum of carcinogenic PAHs in all sampling stations was higher than sum of non-carcinogenic PAHs, especially in the sample collected in city center. Also, the sum of non-carcinogenic PAHs was higher than the sum of carcinogenic PAHs in control point.

  The Kuh-e-sefid phosphate ore deposit is located in Zagros simply folded belt in northeast of Khuzestan province, Ramhormoz area. in this deposit, phosphate mineralization occurred as phosphorite lenses with Eocene age within the Pabde Formation. This mineralization is hosted in the Pabdeh Formation, which comprising three main sections. they are upper section (containing phosphate mineralization), middle section ( The frequency of oxide minerals), and bottom section (The presence of organic matter along with mineralization). A typical features of this deposit is it's close association with presence of organic materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the distribution and behavior of REE (Rare Earth Element) and Uranium in this ore deposit. In this regard, in order to access above goal 12 samples were selected and was taken from units of phosphate and shale host rock using mineralogical studies, XRD, SEM, ICP-MS، FTIR and Rock-Eval. Field observation and microscopic studies indicate that phosphate-bearing layers are mainly consist of shale, marl, limestone with textures varying from wackestone to packestone from. Also phosphate components as plettal, ooid, intraclast, fish skeletal fragments and microfossils are present. In additions to phosphate and biogenic component, nonphosphate minerals such as glauconite, calcite, pyrite, iron oxide and quartz, are present in different form and size. The ICP-MS studies indicate that Positive correlation between TiO2، K2O and Na2O with Al2O3, all of which represent the association of these elements with entered alluvium phase into the basin. The distribution pattern of REE elements normalized with NASC, show HREE enrichment, negative Ce anomaly and coexistence of negative and positive Eu anomaly that proves transitional fluctuating from oxic to anoxic sedimentation conditions. Using Eu/Eu* vs. Ce/Ce* diagrams, in combination with SEM–EDS, indicated that the organic-rich part is a typical sedimentary material According to Th/Sc vs. Zr/Sc discrimination diagrams some samples exhibits a pelagic sediments trend, in contrast to the rest of the studied samples lying close to average shale. Using Ni/Co ratios and Ni/Co versus V/Cr, V/(V+Ni) in binary diagrams also confirmed dysoxic to anoxic condition for the hydrocarbon-bearing phosphate, shale-hosted samples and oxic condition for Phosphate-free hydrocarbons samples. The XRD, FTIR studies reveal qualitative information about the bonding pattern and nature of components of the organic matters and mineral-organic bounds like OH, Carboxylic OH, Carboxylic asid C=O, C≡C Alkaline, group CH2, C=C aromatic, CH Aliphatic and aromatic stretching associated with mineralization identified. Also organic and continental carbon were determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Since the organic-rich shales are able to transfer, sedimentary phosphorus as organic compounds, it can be concluded that the shales of this deposit are phosphorus transfer of major factor and the most mineralization is occurred in areas rich in organic matter. These studies indicate that mineralization is mainly a continental origin and part of it, is the result of destruction of organic material by microorganisms and there are high relationship between mineralization and organic matters in bitumen shale that they play an important role in deposition or transportation of elements such as uranium and Rare earth elements associated with phosphate minerals as well.

Street dust is mainly effected by the influence of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pollution from various sources in the city, like traffic, industry and may also the human health and the environment. In order to determine the possible origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the street dust of the Ahvaz, 10 dust samples were collected from dry weather conditions. To determine the possible source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, used from aromaticratio chemical and statistical analysis, cluster analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA). From 16 PAH determined by the EPA, 13 PAH were detected in dust samples. The ΣCOMB / ΣPAH was between 0/53 to 0/71 and average 0/66. Ant / (Ant + Phe) was between 0/102 to 0/375 and BaA / (BaA + Chr) between 0/178 and 0/572 and IND / (IND + BGP) between 0/287 and 0/375 respectively. The results indicates pyrogenic source for PAH of street dust and combustion of fossil fuels. Probable carcinogen were calculated by the toxicity equivalent factor (TEF) for PAHs and all sampling stations, It was lower than value of which is determined by Canada to protect human health (600BaPeq μg kg-1). B(a)P is most cancer PAH compound, were detected at all sampling stations with different concentrations. The result indicate that the Ahvaz city is intensively effected by the oil and gas upstream and down industries and PAHs can correlate with this industries.

The Sorkhvand manganese deposit is placed in the Zagros Thrust belt, close to the Kermanshah ophiolite rock sequences. It is found to be deposited as irregular lenses or interlayers with radiolarian cherts within the Jourassic/Cretaceous Radiolarite-bearing mudstones. The present work is devoted to the characterization of geochemical process involving in manganese mineralization at Sorkhvand deposit. The significant geochemical characteristics such as high Mn content (22.63 - 67.64 wt. %; average 33.4), low concentration of Fe (0.18 to 8.4 wt. %; average 2.26), high Ba (14-3445, average 1038.3ppm), LREE>HREE, negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*= 0.58-1.02; average 0.74) with a negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.48-0.91, average 0.67), reveal a distal hydrothermal source for mineralization. The prevailing of oxic conditions, absence of sulfide minerals and relative enrichment of some bioessential elements (e.g., Co) indicate selective sequestering of metal ions by microbial processes cannot be ruled out during the Mn-mineralization at the Sorkhvand.

<p style="text-align: left">Heavy metals in urban road dust due to their negative effects on the environment and human health have been increasing concerns. . Ahvaz City due to oil and gas, pipe, steel, power plants, carbon industries is one of the major industrial centers of the country and is constantly exposed to pollution from factories. In this study, 10 samples of street dust of Ahwaz Were collected. One sample from uncontaminated areas was collected as a control sample. After primary preparations in the lab, using ICP-OES, concentrations of heavy metals (lead, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron and vanadium) were measured. Compared to other developed countries, the concentration of lead, vanadium, manganese, iron and nickel is high. Metal Contamination levels by contamination factors, geo-accumulation index and the degree of contamination were examined. The level of contamination was very high at all sampling locations. With the enrichment factor, the potential impacts of human activity on the concentration of heavy metals was evaluated. Ni and Cr are enriched in low value.While lead, copper, zinc, manganese and iron enriched moderate and vanadium show High enrichment. Possible source of metals were evaluated using Pearson correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. These analysis revealed three sources for metals: 1) Pb, Cu and Zn are from traffic and some industrial sources; 2) Mn, Ni, Cr and V have industrial and Naturalsource and; 3) Fe is mainly caused by industrial activities in the region. Ecological risk of the area calculated using Hakanson Method. Some regions in the study area(Naderi, Kianpars,Amaniea, Areia hospital) showed moderate ecological risk and other areas low ecological risk.</p>

  The Varzaghan, Khezrabad and Shahr-E-Babak areas are located in the central Iranian volcano-plutonic belt of Iran in the East Azarbaijan, Yazd and Kerman province respectively. These areas have an important potential for copper mineralization. in these areas the intrusion of Intrusive granodiorit masses into the Cretaceous sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary rocks has been resulted in porphyry and skarn copper mineralization. The main purpose of this research is the study of structural controllers such as major and minor strike slip faults and other fractures on emplacement of the porphyry copper formations. Fry and fractal analyses of the faults and fractures were used to determination of the spatial distribution of mineral resources. Dominant trends of copper mineralization in the study areas are NW-SE and NE-SW and in varzaghan are NW/SE، N/S و E/W which show good correlation with the main extension fractures orientations. Results of Fry and Fractal analyses revealed an important relationship between spatial distribution of the copper indexes and general trends of faults and fractures. The results show that mineralization occurs in extensional phase. The extensional phases occurs in the overlapping of strike-slip faults. Therefore, identifying of this extensional regions and granitoid masses can be considered as a exploration pattern for mineralization of copper in Khezrabad and Shahr-E-Babak area.

 

Street dust is one of the most important indicators which reflect the situation of pollution in the urban environment. Street dust particles containing heavy metals are considered especially as a source of pollution for toxic metals in the urban environment. Heavy metal is as one of the major sources of pollution in the environment and pose a significant impact on the ecological quality. Human reproductive heavy metals in the environment can be caused by the phenomenon of urbanization and industrialization, resulting the increased input of pollutant into the atmosphere. Masjid-e- Soleiman city is Iran's first oil-rich city and located in North East of Khuzestan province. This city owned the land free pollution (oil, gas springs), oil activities , gas and oil combustion, industrial and traffic and that’s why environmental evaluation is important in this city. By the mean of monitoring and controlling of existing pollution, eleven sample of dusts has taken from different stations of the city and one sample as a background sample(pattern) prepared from dry weather and has been analyzed by the ICP-OES method and also to investigate the particle size, the samples were analyzed by means which were to specify the size of particles and electrical and alkalification of samples were measured by EC meter and pH meter. The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in dust samples is higher than pattern samples and the upper crust except for the three metals Iron, Manganese and Cobalt. Possible sources of metal pollutants examined by multivariate analyzes such as principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and Pearson correlation coefficients. In addition, factors such as the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI), pollution-uniform index (IPI), enrichment factor (EF) and indicators of metals biological risk (Er) and the threat of bio-metals (RI) to determine the degree of pollution of heavy metals in street dust were evaluated in Masjid-e- Soleiman. Pollution index (PI) indicates a high level of heavy metal contamination of samples up to some severe contamination with other samples of other metals. The accumulation index (Igeo) indicate moderate to heavily polluted contamination of samples by Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn and for other samples show no contamination to the average pollution. Enrichment factor (EF) for most of metals are in the category of least significant to a remarkable level and the most enrichments belong to metals Pb, Zn and Cu with considerable contamination. Biological risk's indicator of metals (Er) from low biological risk to high risk biological were variables for some metals and metal complex biological risk (RI) was high for all samples, and only for two samples was very high. The results of Pearson correlation coefficients, principal component analysis (PCA) , and cluster analysis (CA), show that the region is largely "under influence of oil contamination, traffic and industrial activities. The correlation coefficient among nearly all of metals are good to very good. pH of all samples was alkalified and the size of nearly all of street dust patterns of clay to sand are normally variable, thus based on concentration of heavy metals in small particles, clay can be a good host for concentration and complex of heavy metals.

<p style="text-align: left">One of the basic requirements in detailed studies of minerals is the development of a model for specifying optimum points of drilling for the purpose of reducing the costs of delination of ore deposit location. Todays, geologists, have overcame this problem by utilizing an artificial neural networks optimization method. Artificial neural networks, as models of black box, are considered as powerful tools for modeling nonlinear systems, and are capable of modeling the complex relations of such processes. The accuracy of these networks is adequate in the case of input variable dependence, and even in case of existence of parasite in data. Since everyone in the world is trying to achieve his objectives in minimum time, neural network provides us with modeling of optimum excavation points in less time. The data used for this study were the information related to exploratory bores of Darreh-Zerreshk area which included geographic maps, fault, alteration, the available geographic and topographic coordinates as the input, and Copper grade in each bore as the output. After normalization, the data was made ready to enter the network. Next, a network was designed, the effective network teaching parameters were applied, and optimal conditions (high regression coefficient and low mean square error) were acquired. Six algorithms of LM, BFG, SCG, GDM, RP, CGB were utilized in network teaching. The result of comparing optimal functions with optimum structures in each algorithm indicated that the best designed network was the FNN-SCG network with the lowest square error and the highest correlation coefficient among output data of instructed networks in the three groups of teaching, experimental and verification. The verification level of above mentioned networks confirm their efficiency in modeling and estimating the reserve of Copper deposit in Darreh-Zerreshk area.</p>

Dalli porphyry Cu-Au deposit is located in the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, in Delijan city, Markazi Province. It is composed of a intrusion ranging in composition from diorite and quartzdiorite intruded into the porphyritic andesite and andesite-basalt volcanic rocks. Moreover, hydrothermal fluids lead to the over coming of lithostatic pressure along the fault and fractures and subsequently volcanic faults host a wide variety of quartz vein and veinlets. The aim of this study was to investigatie and classify the mineralized and barren veins and constraining the physicochemical composition of ore-forming fluids by systematic investigation of fluid inclusions. Based on field observations and petrographic studies, five main veins were identified, corresponding to three main stage of mineralization. Veins type (I): barren quartz, veins type (II): quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite ± bornite ± chalcocite ± covelite, veins type (III): quartz + magnetite ± chalcopyrite, veins type (IV): k-feldspar ± quartz ± chalcopyrite, veins type (V): chlorite + biotite. Moreover, fluid inclusion studies revealed seven group of fluid inclusion: liquid-rich mono-phase (IA), vapor-rich mono-phase (IB), liquid-rich two-phase (liquid + vapor) (IIA), vapor-rich two-phase (vapor + liquid) (IIB), high saline simple fluids (liquid + vapor + halite) (IIIA), high saline opaque mineral-bearing fluids (liquid + vapor + halite + pyrite + chalcopyrite + hematite) (IIIB) and multi-phase fluids (liquid + vapor + halite + sylvite + hematite + magnetite + pyrite + chalcopyrite ± eritrosiderite) (IIIAB). Moreover, laser Raman microspectroscopy was performed on selected samplesin order to identify species present in individual fluid inclusions and specially in confirming the presence of CO2 in liquid-dominated fluid inclusions from coexisting vapor and liquid assemblages. Microthermometric studies revealed Multiphase fluid inclusions with high frequency in homogenization temperature at (420-620˚C) and high frequency in salinity at (70-75 wt% NaCl) and pressure (200-620 bar) and depth (0/8-3 km). They are taught to be the early fluids involved in mineralization. The coexistenced of high saline liquid and vapor rich fluid inclusions (IIIAB, IIIB, IIIA and IIA types) remarked either fluid entrapment during the boiling process or co-presence of two unmiscible fluids that generated from the magma. Magmatic fluids have high salinity and homogenization temperature; never the less fractures may have been resulted in mixing of magmatic and meteoric fluids and subsequent generation of IIB fluids with a relatively lower salinity and homogenization temperature. The microthermometry of mineralized quartz veins in the potassic and phyllic alteration zones, indicated the temperature decreasing from potassic (300-620˚C) to phyllic (160-480˚C) alterations, corresponding with other porphyry deposits elsewhere in the world.