Study of Salt domes is important because of the salt tectonic unique characteristics and the strong interaction between motion and thermal flows. Remote sensing technology in recent years has taken a strong role to achieve the information from this unique phenomenon. The aim of this research is to use a separate window algorithm (Split-Window) to obtain land surface temperature (LST), surface temperature of Jahani, Konar-e Siah and Khur Ab salt domes using OLI and TIRS sensor images of Landsat 8 to analyze the structural and thermal salt domes properties. LST results showed that there is higher heat flow in a same direction for all three salt domes. Comparison the topographic profile of salt domes and the amount of heat flow indicates an inverse relationship between the elevation and the temperature parameters. Reducing the upward force, related to increasing the elevation of the salt dome and overcome the weight of the salt on upward power caused the formation of a warmer salt flow in the topographic slope direction. Results show a direct relation between slope topography and heat flow in all three salt domes. The main factor is related to overtaking of horizontal and low slope flow of warm salt respect to the vertical salt flow due to bouncy force. The highest temperature in the Khur Ab, Konar-e Siah and Jahani salt domes were determined 37, 37 and 38C in the low elevation points that show reverse relationship between elevation and temperature. Identify and locate of areas with heat potential for using geothermal energy is the main practical aspect of this research.

Surface geologic lineaments, which often show surface fractures, are of great importance in the migration of fluids in the depth and surface. Typically, lineaments are identified and interpreted using terrestrial and aerial photographs or remote sensing techniques. In this study, the lineaments of Nargesi and Gisakan anticlines were extracted from satellite images using the manual (visual) and automatic methods. After taking satellite images data, ArcGIS software was used to prepare required maps for analysis of fractures. The rose diagrams related to fractures were created using the lineaments map. Finally, the rose diagrams were interpreted and the fractures were classified based on density, geometry, orientation and relation to folding views. Furthermore, σ_1 direction determined for anticline axis (which is perpendicular to the anticline axis), was compared with the σ_1 direction calculated from the rose diagrams and the lineaments density maps in the eight regions. The results indicate that the total number of lineaments obtained using the automatic method are much more than the lineaments derived from manual method, while the lineaments obtained from the manual method are more longer. In addition, automatic lineaments can't identify the man made linears and the lineaments that are more likely to be geological. However the automatic method is so effective for identification of the lineaments which are invisible to the human eye. Indeed, the automatic and manual method are complementary. As a result, it was observed that surface fractures of zone 3 have mainly opposite trends with the depth fractures of well no. 6. Well no. 6 is closest well along to the main faults of the region (Kazerun and Burazjan faults). In the well no. 6 only the trends of Jahrum formation fractures are similar to the surface. In satellite images, linear faults controlling the valleys and deviation of stream routes can be identified and extracted using a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the sudden deformation patterns. The kinematic analysis of the inverse Burazjan fault shows that it is the continuation of Kazerun strike slip fault. The movement of the eastern block of Kazerun fault toward the south shows an 11 km movement in the satellite image. This movement caused the rotation of axis and trend σ_1 in Gisakan anticline and caused the upliftment of the deep formations (e.g. cretaceous kazhdumi formation) to the surface. The rotation of the stress system in the zones 1, 2, 3, 6, and 7 clockwise, and in the zones 4, 5 and 8 is counter clockwise. According to the data achieved from the surface and depth, the trend of surface fractures is NE-SW and the depth fractures follow from NW-SE trend. The number, length, and intersection of the lineaments in the specified cells were used in order to obtain various types of fracture densities in different parts of the Nargesi and Gisakan anticlines. It shows the highest density in the north and center of the Gisakan anticline and in the south and center of the Nargesi anticline. In both manual and automatic methods, the least fractures are those that their surface are prependicular to the forces in the area (release fractures).

 Land use and explore changes over time is one of the most basic needs of organizations for Urban development planning and the formulation of detailed plans and other development projects Such as the creation or development of urban green space. In this study, changes in land use of Arvand Free Zone that set in Southwest Iran, During the years 2002-2015 has been studied by using remote sensing science and Landsat 7 and 8 images and world view-2 image change to map, with ENVI4.8,GIS10.2 and Ecognation Developer software. For this purpose, classification methods maximum like hood, neural networks, support vector machines and object-oriented methods for mapping land use and horizontal table for change detections have been applied. The best classification was obtained by object-oriented method with 0.93 kappa coefficient in landsat7 image and 0.95 kappa Coefficient in landsat 8image. Results showed that maximum changes in order Set in Built up area with 38.46 percent, barren lands with 23.41 percent, water body with17/29 percent and vegetation with 15/11 percent has occurred. Also, during this period barren lands are faced with a reduction of 8.79 percent. This is while other land uses are faced with growth So that Built up area 8.73 percent, water body 37.32 percent and vegetation are 2.69 percent. NDVI and LST indices showed an inverse relationship with each other. The average temperature from highest to lowest, respectively is bare land, Built up areas, vegetation, and water. The maximum temperature in Built up area is industrial and wasteland areas.

Abstract :
Population growth and advances in technologies have caused human beings to damage the environment and destroy the natural covering of the earth in order to meet his unending needs. In this regard, multitemporal satellite images and digital maps have been widely used. Using these techniques, the type of land use and its changes can be identified and their impacts on the environment can be studied. Remote sensing technologies are among the modern tools which provides access to and helps get the basic information for managing natural resources on the earth. Since assessment is one of the major processes in land use planning which improves the quantitative uses of the land as well as the spatial patterns of the cities, it has been attempted to assess and analyze the changes in the land use in Shiraz over the past three decades. To fulfil this, the theoretical perspectives and the formation of the discussion about urban land use were investigated. Furthermore, by using the GIS capabilities, Shiraz was introduced in terms of its geographical views. In the end, the following changes in land were reported: The pastures and farmland have been reduced, the woods destroyed, and more and more land has been used for business and residential purposes. The results also showed that the population in Shiraz in the past thirty years has grown five times bigger resulting in the growth of the urban areas 21 times more in the same period. The urban area in 1335 and 1385 were 894 and 19074 hectares respectively. This rapid urbanism has not only ruined 2987 hectares of beautiful gardens, but also damaged 18000 hectares of the pastures and fertile farmland. The area of the gardens in Shiraz grew from 1565 hectares in 1335 to 5962 hectares in 1368. However, the same area had a decrease up to 2987 hectares in 1385. The best gardens of Shiraz are located in Ghasr o dasht and Chamran districts to the northwest of the city. 2987 hectares of these gardens have been ruined and changed into residential complexes. 35714 hectares of the pastures and fertile farmland which existed in 1335 have been reduced to 17720 hectares in 1385 due to urban expansion. Therefore, there has been a great functional change in land in Shiraz as a result of urbanization growth.

Climate change is an issue in many scientific circles. This topic, as one of the topics of today's world, has been of interest to researchers especially climatologists. Climate Forecast are relies on NC models that the Atmospheric General Circulation models (GCM) is introduced, and its purpose is to simulate the climate. Due to low resolution, delete or simplify some micro scale phenomena in general circulation models of the atmosphere, this model cannot present relatively well for weather conditions studies. Therefore, the output of these models must downscaled by statistical or dynamically methods to fit the area to be studied. In this study, three general circulation models include the bcc-csm1.1.m, MPI-ESM-MR, MPI-ESM-LR have been used for direction zoning of future precipitation and effect of climate change on the rainfall data. In the first step, to prepare models in the Linux operating system, the Cdo, Ncview, Netcdf software was used. Since the fifth phase of general circulation model of the atmosphere is recently released and don’t evaluated for Khuzestan province, various statistical measures used to evaluate baseline period models with observation data (1-persiann-cdr 2-the combination Aphrodite and Persiann-cdr). The obtained result show that the efficiency of Bcc-csm1.1.m model was higher than other models. The other two models were similar in terms of error rate. After downscaling, bcc-csm1.1.m model accounted most improvement than others. MPI-ESM-MR and MPI-ESM-LR models were ranked second and third. In the next step, downscaling models under RCP4.5 scenario for the future was done and precipitation zoning for 2020 to 2042 seasonal was carried out. And finally, to assess the impact of climate change in the coming period of rainfall change standardized precipitation Index (SPI) was used. In the first SPI Index zoning during dry years for seasons winter, spring and autumn for Khuzestan province and finally to climate change ,the number of synoptic stations, SPI Index calculated time series for the future of pixel that it was desired station of software Matlab were taken and the excel time series when it was display as a graph.

 Energy supply is included in one of the essential tasks of the governments because it is not possible the expansion of activities in various fields and ability to competition with other communities without proper electricity access. After expanding production capacity, basic electronic industry activities are providing context and condition for transmission energy to consumers. Electrification costs are very expensive it not possible for some areas because transmission lines may face to multiple environment, human and technical problems. So design lines are limited by preservation all the privacy and attention to effective condition. Thus using technologies, study methods and modern detailed analysis will not lead to the design of efficient transmission lines but it also reduces electricity cost significantly. An important topic in this regard about designer interest is designed and access to optimum route. In fact, the optimum route is the most comprehensive and appropriate of efficient transmission based on economy. In this study was discussed about using geographical information system GIS and artificial intelligence to examine topics related to optimum routing of transmission Lines and distribution network. Electrification studies in this thesis are including two parts consist of: optimum routing 132 kV transmission lines from 400 kV substation up to main distribution city substation and feeder network 20 kV power distribution for Najaf shahr city. In discussing transmission, the limitative and effective as decision variables, thematic and spatial maps are producted by GIS processing for supply cost map. The transmission lines cost map have been obtained by using fuzzy inference system from two different methods. The optimum routes are designed by doing minimum cost and particle swarm intelligence PSO on cost maps. Designed routes have different length and direction. Routes obtained from GIS have 8468.65 and 8736.65 meters length, while routing by PSO algorithm has 8127.055 meters length. For design 20 kV power distribution network need to create urban database and essential information such as current and future consumption density. Cost map are producted by information analysis and using fuzzy inference system in GIS will be the basis for designing distribution network. Routing feeder city lines designed by minimum cost for dense housing and industry areas of Najaf shahr due to lack of comprehensive current distribution system and increase future demand energy in this areas. Distribution network old city texture area of Najaf shahr as a result inefficiency and exhaustion was reconstructed by geographical information system, using minimum cost by protection some of the previous and design new routes.

 Lineaments are often the main fractures that found near the erths surface. Fracturea are one of the areas that hydrogeologists put them under consideration for groundwater exploration. Fracturs, including joints and faults, cause groundwater reservoirs in permeable formations by increasing in formation permeablility and secondary prosity.
Mapping of lineament is one of the important application of remote sensing in geology, that considered as one of the most important issues in geological studies. The primary aim of this study is to lineament extraction of lali region by various image processing techniques on the landsat 8 image, and second one according to importance of lineament in growndwater studies, difining the relationship between lineament and region spring. In order to determine relationship between springs and fault lineaments direction, the statistical method known as weight of evidance was used. For this porpose by crating buffer on the lineament and overlaps with the springs site, location relationship between these two parameters were obtained quantitatively. The most relationship obtain 0-200 m from lineaments. To determine relations between springs location and lineaments length, variography was used. For this porpose exprimental variogram from MATLAB was calculated between position of springs and length of the lineament, and the best match exponential model was fitted to the exprimental variogram.exponential model represents a very high correlations between parameters.

One of the most important environmental crises in the arid and semi-arid areas, is destructive phenomenon of desertification and wind erosion, which leads to dust storms and movement of dust. Khuzestan province due to its geomorphological and geological conditions, it is exposed to wind erosion. Preparing risk assessment map of desertification is one of the planners tools in the management of desert regions. In this regard, Khouzestan province of SW Iran was chosen for this investigation. The study area in East and South-East of Khuzestan province with (˚29´59˝41_ ˚31´30˝13) (˚48´31˝54_ ˚50´11˝36) coordinates has 11678 km2 area. Assessment and classification of the risk of desertification was carried out using decision tree algorithm (Decision tree) and Medalus method. In this study, two dates of Landsat data pertaining to 1991/15/2 and 2014/14/2, were used. Base on Decision tree algorithm, the area classified into four zones of desertification risk namely; no risk, low, medium and high. The percentage of this class for 1991 were 2% , 45%, 12% and 41% respectively and for 2014, the percentage is 6%, 21%, 39% and 34%. As well as the results showed that, from 1991 to 2014 the risk of desertification in the region shows increased two levels in class no risk and has low risk. The main reason for increasing the risk of desertification are drying of wetlands, ponds, wet areas of central plains, abandon of rain-fed agricultural land, and destruction of pastures. To validate the results, ground-based data were used. That Kappa coefficient 0/94 for two periods and error matrix, also showed the high accuracy of this method. Also results of Medalus method showed that climate criteria with numerical value of 2 is most effective and soil criteria with numerical values 1/37 has less impact on desertification of area. Most of the region surface located in critical class 2 with 3905/71 km2 area. About 80 percent of the total area in critical type and the remaining 20% belongs to the types of potential and fragile. Potential class with 0.35 km2 is allocated to less than 1% of region, while fragile class 1 with 102 km2 area, 1%, and fragile class 2 with an area of 1195 km2 , about 10% and fragile class 3 with an area 754 km2 covers about 6% of the region. Also critical class 1 with an area of 1205 km2, about 10%, and critical Class 2 with 3905 km area 36% of region critical class 3 with 3876 km area, including 36% of region.

 Classification is a science, in which the targets will be separated into different classes based on their similarity, is very important in a variety of sciences especially in remote sensing science. Therefore, a lot of researchers seeks to improve this process using new methods and algorithms. So, abundant and valuable researches in this field are in progress. One way to improve the classification accuracy is to use data fusion in order to combine their useful information and produce data containing a higher level of information. In this regard, a fusion of radar and optical data recently received much attention because of the capabilities of radar data such as imaging capabilities at different times and weather conditions while being sensitive to the geometric configuration and soil moisture. So these data contain important complementary information for optical data. Therefore, in this research using feature-based SAR and optical data fusion based on powerful algorithms like supervised feature selection and learning methods, combining different classification outputs and applying best feature combinations, ensemble classification strategy has been done with high accuracy. The final results of this research were to find best feature combinations, best classification procedure for ensemble classification and finding and proposing powerful feature selection and learning algorithms for feature space optimization.

Oil contaminations pose as one of the environmental problems resulting from the exploration, extraction and transportation of this valuable material. The identification of these contaminants for further evaluations and their cleanup are significantly important. Khuzestan province as one of the most important provinces in the country in terms of oil productions is always at risk of the contamination caused by the processes of extraction, transportation and refining this invaluable material. On the other hand, Remote Sensing science, known as a powerful science, has the capability of identifying the pollutions caused by petroleum products in less time and lower cost compared to the ongoing field visits. To detect oil pollutions, Landsat 8 images and Hyperion were utilized in the current study. First, land surface temperature for the period of August 2015 and using thermal bands of Landsat 8 investigated based on intrinsic characteristics of hydrocarbon materials in previous studies was set up. Hydrocarbon materials in the case of being mixed into the soils, an area leads to show higher temperature in equal conditions compared to other non-infected areas. Then, by mixing layers such as soil science layer, regional oil fields, exploration sites and exploitation of regional hydrocarbon materials, the map of oil contaminations was developed in the FAHP model based on the thermal characteristics. Next, using indicators such as NDBI, NDVI, NDWI and NDBI upon Landsat images and applying decision tree classifiers, least average distance and the use of oil characteristics along the electromagnetic wavelength, the oil-contaminated regions were identified as well as other land uses were also classified. At the next step, the regions identified in Landsat 8 images ranging from thermal and multispectral bands were field visited and samples of contaminant-induced soils were sampled in order to land spectroscopy. After the field spectroscopy on the samples and detecting absorption points of hydrocarbon materials along the electromagnetic wavelength at 1.7 micrometers, land spectrums were used to exert SAM and SFF techniques on the hyperspectral images. Furthermore, HI index as a strong one in studying oil at hyperion images was inspected that the results obtained from them implied a favorable correlation with the results of Landsat imagery 8. Finally, the impact of hydrocarbon contaminations on land uses existing in Khuzestan was measured, in which dense forests in the highlands with 0.054 hectares had the least amount of contamination. On the contrary, mediate pastures in terms of vegetation locating mainly in plains with 1891.43 hectares owned its highest amount.

Urbanization extension and followed by specific problems in urban life such as (traffic, air pollution, congestion of urban services in specific areas) have resulted problems in large cities. Therefore, one of the concerns for urban planners is fair distribution of municipal services at the districts and local level. Due to the positioning nature, more than 70 percent of information about the position of the services offered and the functional radius, etc., have led to highlight the importance of this issue. Also, convenient access of the people to the spatial information and the rapidly disseminating of information have contributed in promoting the use of Web GIS technology in users, institutions and services organization. To this end, in district 1 of Kermanshah municipality owing to greater extent than other areas and higher population density as well as service intensity in particular spots in this district and conversely, lack of services in elsewhere, cause problems such as, traffic and displacement of people for access to municipal services in these areas. Therefore, to mitigate problems such as traffic reduction, air pollution and equitable distribution of the municipal services, the necessity of a geospatial-referenced information system for urban management is very important. On the other one of the problems of the urban managers is the lack of a full awareness regarding the status quo and how to desirably service the citizens. In such circumstances, benefiting a good Web GIS system could be a solution to solve this problem that has necessitated the use of this technology. That's why using a web-based system can be a solution to many problems. In this study, firstly to collect data according to expert opinion, 22 municipal-social services using field methods were taken (sx7630GPS model). Position of each layers was recorded and stored in ArcGIS 10.2 software. Then, taken points were entered into the PostgreSQL database; accordingly HTML programming language was used to design web pages. Then, a graphical interface and Javascript programming language and OpenLayer API library (weak client architecture) were employed for the dissemination of information in the browser screen. Therefore, system designing follows the way that initially a user sends his/her request by Web browser to the GeoServer and then GeoServer forwards the intended request to the PostGIS database; and, databases with respect to the capabilities and defined analysis responses to the intended request and re-sends the appropriate response. As well as, GeoServer with the help of OpenLayers library sends the request result to the client in the form of a dynamic map. Indeed, urban users and administrators using their web browsers and by using the user interfaces embedded in the system, can simply inform of the each municipal services position by clicking the given layer. At the same time, they can access to systems’ other pages and be aware of the service radius and density of service points in the district level. Continuing, to view the proposed areas for the construction of a new service resulting from modeling in Matlab software, they can act and observe the optimized and appropriate places. also Another benefit of this system uses Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path between two service centers. In the end, this research not only caused to improve urban planners and managers in making decisions on how to distribute urban services, but also the satisfaction of the people from city managers and establishing social justice in the benefiting of the municipal service.

 Detect and predict changes in landuse is counted as a natural resource management and assessment of ecosystem changes tools. The purpose of this study is monitoring and modeling land use changes, by using remote sensing and GIS in the Gotvand- Aghili region in the north of Khuzestan province. To monitor and predict future changes, the images Landsat TM 5 year (1989) and ETM Landsat 7 (2001) and OLI Landsat 8 (2013) is used. To use satellite images first in the preparation image phase, atmospheric correction applied and image classification done by using maximum likelihood method and negative index. Pictures of the three- time classified to seven classes, including type 1 and 2 pasture, aridland, water levels, agriculture, residential and rivers. Detecting changes done according to the kappa coefficient 92/0, 93/0, 89/0 respectively for 1989, 2001 and 2013 maps. Results detect changes in the first period (1989- 2001) shows that most of the increase and decrease in area is happened respectively, in the 2 pasture (from 110,421.27 to 153,278.64 hectares) and 1 pasture area (81217.26 to 40838.13 hectares). Based on these changes and a selection of 10 independent variables, modeling of transformation use potential for 2013 year, in software IDRISI and LCM models done by using Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP). MLP neural network modeling accuracy is estimated 85%. Then, by using the Markov chain method, Land use map is predicted for the 2013 year. The results of prediction and land use map of 2013 year as reference results it shows that, this way can be used to predict future changes. According to the construction of dams in the region, results detect changes in the second period (2001- 2013) shows that the greatest increase in the area of agriculture have been (28508.22 to 48992.58 hectares), and water level (from 811.44 to 5775.93 hectares) and the greatest reduction in area in the river area (From 2598.48 to 1686.33 hectares) and 2 pasture (from 153,278.64 to 104,288.85 hectares). According to changes in the second period, Land use map for the 2025 year that the highest change compared to the 2013 year, was an arid area.

 Energy is one of the essential components for industrial activities and the need for all people, so its supply and demand in human societies, continually increasing. Sun is the world's largest energy source that may benefit from it in different species. According to the Ahvaz climate in terms of intensity of radiation (According to the New Energy Organization about 4.5-5 kWh per square meter per day) and sunny days and On the other hand, due to the placement of factories and the establishment of major industries in the city, faces with energy problems and pollution from fossil fuels. Therefore, study of the solar energy and its potential for use of solar energy, in order to planning of utilize this energy, is essential. Since there have not been significant efforts in this direction, it's important to be discussed in this study, so that with designing a Web GIS system, can take steps In field of decision-making, data management and information to improve the status quo. Due to the lack of public awareness of the value of renewable solar energy in urban areas, designing and developing a Web-based location system also play a role in increasing public awareness, Can be used as a decision support system to evaluate the feasibility of developing solar energy conversion systems provide.This study seeks to use renewable solar energy using solar technologies. Using GIS analysis and computational intelligence modeling the spatial distribution of this renewable resource was performed. Therefore, in the process of conducting the survey, to estimate solar radiation in the region, the Solar Analyst model in ArcGIS was used. Also for prioritizing the region, based on having the potential to take advantage of solar photovoltaic systems, three categories of criteria were identified, Including environmental criteria, building-density criteria and technical criteria then modeling was performed using Fuzzy Inference System. . The final stage is system design and implementation of solar energy Web GIS. Estimation of the total radiation received by the Earth in the study area using Solar Analyst model, shows the total solar radiation from 0.4 to 1 461 kWh per square meter per year. Also calculation of the geographic potential of the region and in particular the geographic potential for roofs, was performed using Digital Surface Model (DSM) and the results showed that most of the areas have the potential from 1 to 49 kW per day. Technical potential of photovoltaic systems (Ei) for roofs, was calculated using the geographical potential and varies from 0.1 to 138 kw per day.The results of fuzzy inference system shows that 10 square kilometers of the total area has the medium priority for development and 0.7 square kilometers of the total area has the high priority for development that forms the highest and the lowest respectively. According to what has been stated, it can be said that the findings of this study indicate the success of integration of Web GIS science and solar energy, In Ensuring predetermined objectives of this research. Taking advantage of this process while providing help to the decision making process, provides web-based solar maps using spatial data.In fact, the designed system in this respect can be considered as decision-making tools that, In addition to descriptive information about the potential for the energy production of area, allow users to view spatial data in form of map. Users are able to identify suitable locations for solar power installations and to maximize their own interests benefit from this system.

 Gaining knowledge about cropping pattern and acreage plays an important role in the management of agricultural lands and estimating the net production. Combining the results of observations and ground measurements with remote sensing data can provide maps on the area under cultivation, It is important to define management units and to achieve precision farming. According to figures obtained from the Department of Agriculture of Neka, in the considered study area in 1394 the acreage of rice cultivation and garden products is 8700 and 10750 hectares, respectively. Comparing these figures with statistics from previous years showed rapid growth of the garden acreage, which represents a change of cultivation pattern. In the present study to determine the acreage the methods of support vector machine classifier, the minimum distance and neural network were examined and compared to determine their capabilities. After comparing the results of classification methods, Support Vector Machine method with radial kernel with an overall accuracy of 78/95% and kappa 0.9403 turned out to have the best performance and minimum distance with total accuracy of 81/4286 and Kappa 0.8011% had the lowest performance. In the radial- Vector Machine Support garden cultivation is 10846 hectares and the area under rice cultivation is 7372 hectares, but in the minimum distance, the cultivation area is 5949 and 9207 hectares, respectively. In addition, the user accuracy and precision of manufacturer in garden and rice fields for radial support vector machines for both cases are 100%, but for the minimum distance for the garden are %45.15 and %82.68, respectively, and for rice are %98.04 and %81.97. According to these results, the effectiveness of radial support vector machine is clear.

Cities need to have an integrated urban management, with comprehensive and timely information. More than 80 percent of the required information of government for management and decision-making, have a characteristics nature and of place. And organizations at every level of Performance needed to spatial data. So to achieve the optimal urban management is require to the comprehensive and integrated, accurate and timely data, so access to this information to urban efficient management system is necessary. So the lack of accessibility to the required information at making decisions and decision-making to cause disorder in comprehensive urban management. Today, Internet as a tool to transfer of data without any limitation of time and place, can be the basis for achieving various information. Used of Internet technology and GIS (Web GIS) to achieve spatial and descriptive information is a good solution in different services.This research has studied the theoretical foundations of urban management, principles of Web GIS technology and its various applications in urban management and a variety of Web GIS architecture. Then at the first step to design and implement, Web GIS systems,Take placed conducted needs assessment, based on conceptual modeling. Then created conceptual model, it was the logical modeling. In the next step during the physical modeling, system implementation or the output level view of the target system was carried out. The final step was allocated to the integration of various parts of system. In addition, in preparing of the database and online maps of the open source PostgreSQL / PostGIS and GeoServer also openlayer Library was used. As a result, it is argued that despite the limitations,designing of these systems can help to urban management and location decisions. Finally, appropriate user interface designing, enables to users that can interact as well with location data, Such that they can observe the layers of the city, aware from property descriptive information and to perform routing between two locations on a map.

Spatial data as an infrastructure is one of the most important and sensitive decision making factors, especially decision making of the current urban management. Hence, proper perception of many needs and achieving goals and activities of different organizations can be possible when access to integrated spatial data is possible. This issue is important especially for future planning. Whit advancement of information technology over the past decade, geographical spatial data systems have changed from explicit and in-organization from to structured instruments based on spatial data infrastructures. Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a system based on sharing spatial data in organizations and among organs and enables users as an empowerment context to have better cooperation and show better response to the current dynamicity. In other words and from organizational perspective, spatial data infrastructure for improvement of access to resources and services can be significant help for manufacturers and users of an organization. Existing potential in spatial data for organization of non-spatial data in frame of an integrated database and base space services is another novel discussion in academic, executive and managerial centers in many pioneer countries in field of spatial data. Limiting potential of spatial data in monopoly of a specific complex is in fact a kind of limitation of resources and capitals of an organization, city or a society. Hence, many pioneer organizations across the world have integrated geographical information system (GIS) and information communication technology (ICT) to enhance their capabilities, spatial data and service data. Now, the present study has tried to define concept of spatial data infrastructure and manner of creating and using it in order to present better understanding and more perfect analysis in this field

The integration of remote sensing and GIS plays an important role in geological applications especially in mining explorations. The Khouzestan and Lorestan Provinces of SW Iran with huge sedimentary rock deposits host oil and many other metal and nonmetal ore deposits. In this regard the RS & GIS was used to study and locate the areas of mineral potentials with special attention to phosphate deposit. The phosphate deposits are mainly confined to Pabdeh and Gurpi Formation of Zagros mountains.
In the beginning, for enhancing the images the image radioing and PCA were used. In next step, the other effectual layers, such as faults, joints, slop, anticlines etc. were analyzed. The weight of each layer in exploration were determined with FAHP. The anticlinal axes were shown to be the most weighted layer for the exploration. Furthermore, the spectra of each sample was created using fieldspec3. Finally, all layers were combined to locate the potential areas in these provinces.

 

Recently according to the population density urban areas, Multi-purpose municipal facilities is necessary. Most of Iranian cities are affected by Earthquake and Pollution from traffic and industry is considered as another problem of big cities. These problems affect a high percentage of Iranian citizens. In this research, these two problems are considered as the two objectives to creation Green spaces with appropriate distribution in the city. For this purpose, a suitable location witch satisfy to objectives, including health of citizens and crisis management, are selected. The first step in this presented algorithm is the cost layer as the input for optimization process. To determine the weight of each criterion in the cost layer, the FAHP method was used. After calculating the weights of layers, the cost layer have been calculated using overlay function in GIS software. Then, pso algorithm was used for optimization step. Evolutionary algorithms is one way to solve optimization problems which are inspired by nature and using simple rules between categories creatures to solve problems. One type of algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), is the method of collective life, fish or birds and uses rules and the relationships between them. PSO algorithm for solving multi-objective problems, which called MOPSO, create an archive for non- dominated answer and then choose personal and global optimized solutions from the available options in the archive. In the final step, optimization process is done based on multiple objective. In this study, using this algorithm, the best locations to create Dual-purpose green spaces are chosen. these spaces is located in the south and southeast parts of sector four. In this areas most of layers have low cost. According to the land use map of the region, the remarkable thing is the lack of green spaces in the selected area by algorithm. Also, most of the layers are compatible with this purpose (such as wasteland). Therefore it can be said that the proposed algorithm have appropriate performance for multi-purpose location.

 Khorramabad Central texture have numerous facilities which Provide investment cost-effective. The geographical location and centrality most important facilities of this section than other parts of town. Historical context is faced with migration of rich people to the suburbs, But they always belonging to the region retains its residential units and in many cases it's not rent simply. In a sense, they are hoping to start the reconstruction and modernization return to their ancestral home. Close to downtown and the presence of some equipment and infrastructure and encourage them to return to its historical and cultural position.
This study was conducted in two parts. The first study theoretical principles, 11 criteria (population density, land use, area, building density, level of occupancy, age, class, structure, and medical centers and outdoor lamps) were extracted effectively in the context of urban wear worn. In the first, with study theoretical principles, 11criteria effectively in the context of urban life (population density, land use, area, building density, level of occupancy, age, class, structure, medical centers, outdoor and passages) were extracted. Then, design and implement define standards and linguistic variables membership functions criteria in two models, fuzzy inference systems and AHP fuzzy process. Map prioritize urban distressed areas was produced for the management of remodel in fuzzy inference rules in urban distressed areas based on expert opinion and AHP fuzzy model to determine the weight of each criterion and combined together. In this study, the results of the evaluation model and AHP Fuzzy Inference System showed that in the old texture priorities for modernization with fuzzy inference systems, high-priority area by 38% (13.1 hectares) of the total area of 34.47 hectares, the largest surface area is capable. Area were ranked with very high priority by 21% (7.5 hectares), and medium and low risk by each with 13% (4.8 hectares) and 10% (3.47 hectares).

Status determination of species distribution and their habitats is very important in conservation programs and wildlife management. So, the analysis of the relationship between habitat and wildlife is one of the major issues in ecology today. But despite of this importance, we see serious flaw in species potential distribution information. Also, many of the previous studies remain in the research phase, So, in order to provide a solution to organize and use the results of these studies in the conservation and management wildlife, we combine the Web GIS technology and wildlife science. This approach can provide access to results of potential distribution modelling to managers, planners and other users. So in present study, we designed and implemented a Web GIS system for wildlife of Khuzestan province. In order to design and implement wildlife Web-GIS system, first requirements survey was carried out to conceptual modelling. Then based on conceptual model, logic modelling was performed. Next during physical modelling, the implementation of the system was performed. Finally, the integration of different parts of the system was accomplished. In addition, we prepare the database and web maps using open source softwares (PostgreSQL/PostGIS and Geoserver). Also interactive interface was designed using ASP.NET. The results of our study show that the combination of Web GIS technology and Wildlife science is successfully in provide access to wildlife spatial and descriptive data, especially in provide access to wildlife habitats suitability. According to this result, we suggest using this process to integrated conservation and management of all protected areas in Iran. Also in present study, the Maxent and fuzzy models predicted potential suitable habitats of species with highest accuracy (AUC>0.9). Based on these results, we emphasized using these methodologies as powerful tools to improve and complete the existing information of wildlife species distribution in Iran.

 

In the early years of 21th century, the tourism industry became a major economic activity and has been considered as one of the high income and prosperous world industries. During recent decades, the tourism industry in the world has seen a dramatic expansion and has led to dramatic economic and social changes. Tourism is introduced as one of the most important factors in generating wealth and employment and as an economic engine of growth and development of developed countries, is developing in global area. Relying on its economic characteristics and impacts, the tourism industry can effectively play a major role in the dynamics of various economic sectors. Tourism has become one of the most important economic activities and certainly will be one of the economic indicators of the next century. Of course, in the coming years, tourism will bring countless opportunities for investment and employment. Tourism has many positive effects, such as creating mutual understanding among people and contributing to world peace. Among the most important steps for tourism planning, one can be considered as locating suitable sites to provide essential services for tourists as the tourist villages. Locating tourism villages is often a function of tourism demand, convenient access to service areas and the presence of one or more tourism attraction in the region. City of Susa in Khuzestan province is one of the tourism areas and despite extensive visits of tourists, the amenities are few. In this study, it was attempted to determine the best place for a tourism village using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) by considering distance from the river, distance from the tourism centers, distance from the protected areas, distance from the service centers etc. Then, by defining standard limits and linguistic variables, membership functions were implemented in FIS. Therefore, using this method, four suitable sites were identified for the establishment of tourism village. In the present era, tourism has been proposed as an economy in many countries and in some of them, is considered as the most important economic aspect and source of income and plays an important role in the development and prosperity of economy. Since tourism activities leave dramatic effects on the economy of host regions, great attention has been directed to these regions. If there is compliance with environmental regulations and standards, tourism development can be considered as a factor in environmental protection and quality enhancement. With the emergence of harmful effects of human activities, several methods and tools have been used in order to create balance and harmony between activities and environment. Assessment of the environmental effects is among the most effective methods that examines the effect of various sectors of a plan on the components of the environment through recognizing the environment and understanding its importance. Finally, according to the obtained results, it presents ways and solutions for creating more compatibility. The assessment of environmental impacts began by National Environmental Policy Act (NIPA). Human is the most important factor in environmental changes who brings useful as well as detrimental changes by utilizing resources, facilities, industry etc. Therefore, the use of scientific methods of environmental impact assessment can provide sufficient confidence for ensuring compliance with policies and determined targets in planning, projects and project activities in order to provide security standards and environmental laws. Before any developmental project, it is essential to evaluate the effects of project implementation on the environment. This should be implemented to reduce the detrimental effects on the environment. In this study, the evaluation of the environmental effects was done using TOPSIS and AHP methods that both are multi-criteria decision-making methods. For environmental assessment, parameters such as view, agriculture and the quality of surface water were used that each allocated a weight to themselves and other multi-criteria methods have been done and have identified the best site using TOPSIS and AHP methods. This site has the minimum detrimental effects on the environment. Most of this area is barren and has a good distance from Dez River. This area covers Tchogha Zanbil site which is inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage.

Tourism industry is third developing economic phenomena after petroleum & automobile
industries. So that manager, especially active manager in this industry, should be understand its
concept and utilize this opportunity and promotion their institute performance with open view.
Because of 80 percent information is needed for traveler include spatial information, so that GIS is
benefit tools for utilize traveler. Also, Internet is one of the new technologies that have most
important rule in tourism relationships, awareness to traveler and obtain information about tourism
places. Today electronic tourism is one of the activities that developed with internet network.
Generally provision of hardware, software and reach to appropriate skill for working with the geo-reference data is expensive. So in order to wide, fast and cheap access to spatial data, and to ensure
from updated data and information, application of Web GIS technology is developing day by day.
As a technology for access to spatial information, Web GIS with sharing data can help travelers.
In this research a Web GIS system for tourism industry and cultural heritage designed by using
open source software's. This research done in Sanandaj city because this city have good potential
for tourism industry and its development. In order to user interests will be involved in system
design, in first step users requirement analysis was conducted and then conceptual model designed.
In the following, spatial and descriptive information related to tourism place gathered and correct
it's and then saved in relational database. in next step, in order to implementing routing analyses
between two tourism places ، awareness from amenities related to the tourism places and user
interaction with different layers, a web GIS system based on thin client architecture designed.
According to the results, it is argued that despite some limitations, design of these systems can
help the tourism management and to identify the shortcomings. Finally by designing of appropriate
user interface, has been allowed to user to interact with spatial data well, so that they can observe
layers of tourism and cultural heritage, get aware from the facilities of each tourism places and do
routing between two places on the map

Abstract: Lineament that mostly are the main fractures near the earth surface, have a significant and inevitable influence on the characteristics and migration of hydrocarbons. As regards that most fractures have a substantial effect on the production process and translocation of hydrocarbons, therefore studying the lineament in order to investigate the patterns of the fractures and its relation to the wrinkle and fault and its effect on fluid movement is the main concern. Generally recognition and interpretation of the lineament is done by ground observation and earth aero-images, but this is an expensive and time consuming job for such a spacious area. In recent decade developed geological sciences beside satellite images become an appropriate tool in order to exploit the lineament.
In this study maps of lineament in geological structures of Bangestan Anticline, Karanj and Parsi oil fields have been prepared using the satellite images of the Land-Sat 8 and utilizing Remote Sensing techniques. First by using the satellite data, different layers needed for investigation and analysis of the fractures are derived by means of Geological Information System software. Then Rose-diagrams of the fractures are achieved from these layers. Finally Rose-diagrams are interpreted and fractures are identified and categorized based on the geometry, orientation and relevancy to the wrinkle. Also this information achieved from the earth surface is compared with those available from the depth of the oil fields.
 

Reflectance spectroscopy is a useful and standard tool for investigating composition of rocks and minerals. Reflectance spectroscopy affects by chemical composition and mineral structure. For this reason, study of spectral diagrams is a suitable method for separation them. Carbonate minerals have recognizable absorption property in their reflectance spectral at SWIR and TIR, so reflectance spectra can be used for recognize and separate them from other minerals. Using different techniques of remote sensing for enhancement and separation of geological units with study of spectral behavior in rocks in electromagnetic wavelength and analysis of spectral diagrams in geological reviews is very efficient and useful. In this way for performance this survey, satellite images from studied location prepare and after preprocessing operations and necessary corrections, different method of enhancement done and then for validation and accreditation of operations, samples are collected and were analyzed in spectral laboratory with Fieldspec3 spectrometer. These spectral behavior validate operations and their result. Implementation of SAM and band ratio algorithm on satellite images, identify several zones that are likely have potential for existence of Dolomite comparison of reflectance spectra of Chenare Dolomite mine (as reference point) with reflectance spectra of these zone make likeness between them, and reinforce possibility of results. For make more confidence, field investigations and more sampling are required. Processing operations and analysis of satellite images are done in ENVI 5.1 software and analysis of spectral diagrams are done in PRISM and SAMS softwares.

 Use of spectroscopy in conjunction with remote sensing and mineralogy is widely accepted owing to its low cost and speed explorations technology. In this regards, the spectra of Mandan and Dehnow Bauxites samples were collected using Fieldspec-3. In addition these data were compared to results of XRD. The result indicate the presence of AL containing Bohmite, Diaspora and other minerals such as Kaolinite, Calcite, Anatase (Titanium mineral), Iron bearing mineral (Hemtite and Cholorite). The absorption at 2200 nm absorption points to presence of Al-OH, Bohmite and Diaspora, 1400 and 1900 nm belongs to Kaolinite, the range of 2300-2350 nm indicates Carbonates , Calcite, 602-623 nm Index of Titanium mineral, Anatase in red Bauxite) and the range of 900 to 1000 nm shows Hematite and Chlorite iron ore.
In the next step, the extracted bauxite spectra were introduced as reference to ENVI software for classification of the radiometerically and atmospherically corrected L8 satellite imagery. The result of SAM algorithm shows promising zones of Bauxite-Laterite ores. This has been verified by band ratio. Furthermore, to strengthen the pervious findings, the Aster image was undergone image processing. The results of various band ratios indicate the presence of Dolomite and Kaolinite as well as Laterite and Bauxite ores around Lali-Qaleh Khajeh areas.The above Mandan and Dehnow proved deposits were used as reference for central Zagros zones.All the prepared results were used as GIS layers for FAHP analyses. These include the Ilam-Sarvak Formations aerial distribution, Slope, Drainage Density and distance to faults. The final result shows good distribution patterns of these minerals which needs geochemical investigations.

One of the most important steps in road construction is the initial route design or the zero-phase studies over which the location of Road should be examined before the road construction, so that a comprehensive checkup to be done to the region around the site in order to find the safest and the most economical route. To determine the shortest path, it's analysis is always known as one of the most practical issues in transportation spatial analyzes and location based service systems. By developing and improving of the spatial information analysis systems, there have been different algorithms for the optimal routing given the effective parameters and different characteristics of routes. Nowadays, as the cities are expansion and the population is increasing, one of the problems facing the people is to find a solution for reducing the length and duration of the travels both intra-urban and inter-urban. Therefore, the role of GIS, as a science and a managing tool as well as spatial information analysis, is developing more and more and is becoming a critical factor in this field. For this reason, it is necessary to use the high-tech tools such as GIS for the optimal road routing. Optimization is a critical and influential practice in the designing. The designers are able to develop better designs when by using optimization methods, their works to be cost-effective and timely. The optimization means finding the best solution given the constraints and requirements of the problem. For a problem, there may be various solutions which in order to compare and choose optimal ones, a function known as objective function is used. The selection of this function depends on the nature of the problem. For example, one of the common objectives in the optimization of transport network is to minimize both time and the cost. In designing the route, in addition to take the technical cases and economic conditions in to account, characteristics of the environment should also be considered in order to lower the damages to the environment when it is operated. This thesis presents a method on which the optimal route can be exploited from Ahvaz to Dehdez city environmentally, economically and technically. Therefore, the optimal and smallest route between the two mentioned regions has been designed by taking into account the geological condition (formation, faults), rivers, topography (slope, height), and vegetation coverage, land use, population and protected areas. In this research, the required information layers for routing were gathered from different sources. Then, using the Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchy Process (FAHP), the information layers are weighted. Ultimately, the optimal route is determined using Least-cost path algorithm and genetic algorithm. During implementation, they indicate that the designed route is 22/29 km shorter than the current one and also is 5/5 km shorter than the proposed freeway. The construction cost of the designed route is 32 %and 28% less than the present route the proposed route respectively. In comparison, the route designed by genetic algorithm is 6/64 Km shorter than that of Least-cost path algorithm and genetic algorithm and the construction cost is 9/5% less than the other one. Therefore, the results show that the designed route in term of cost (environment, technical and economic) and length is low over the current route and the freeway proposed by Khuzestan Road and Urbanization Organization. Of genetic and Least-cost path algorithms for finding an optimal route, the former is of high accuracy. In this part, the results are shown numerically. They contribute to the time and cost saving in designing and making route. Given that the resting place and gas station are integral parts of inter-urban routes, in this thesis, after determining the freeway route, the resting place and gas station are positioned suitably by using remote sensing and GIS. For this purpose, first the information layers affecting the optimally chosen position are weighted by FAHP and integrated by overlay index method. Next, using the treshholding on an apportion layer, a suitable place is determined for making the resting and gas station. The presence of gas stations at the places determined by proposed Method, the locating of gas station confirms the practicality of this method for determination of optimal position.

 Small vegetation, non-infiltratory of soil and steeped Zagros Mountains have contributed the shower of rains to result in severe flood at the southern areas of the country and leave huge damages. Today, the high-tech tools such as Geography Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) have assisted the planners to have a quick and exact evaluation of environmental risk potential including the flooding at the least time. This research aims to zone the potential of flood-prone Baghan area (Sarcheshmeh) watershed using the GIS and RS. In this study, after identifying the effective factors on flooding (steep, digital elevation model(DEM) landform, petrology, infiltratory,land use,vegetation density (NDVI) rainfall, drainage network density and distance from waterway), the measures were overlaid using fuzzy analysis hierarchal procedure (FAHP) in the ArcGIS setting and the zoning map of potentially flooding watershed was obtained at five classes with different risks ( very high, high, moderately high , moderate and low). The results from zoning showed that about 22% of watershed area is of high to very high flooding risk. In the next stage, the map of sub-basins at the range of study area was overlaid with potentially flooding zoning map and the sub-basins of the flood-prone area were identified. The results showed that 10 sub-basins of watershed are located in the zoning risk. Thus, by using of measure of basin geometry (area, long, compression coefficient, drainage network density and basin average steep) were ranked for the 10 sub-basins by Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). Therefore, the watershed operation water resource management are recommended for this sub-basin.

 :Abstract
Unbridled growth of urban areas, especially for large cities (due to the natural growth of the urban population, increased immigration, etc.) has caused increasing environmental degradation and pollution rate. In the meantime the indiscriminate construction and building process and decrease the area needed for the development of green spaces, as breathing lungs of cities, has led to the drastic changes in urban micro-climates, especially in large cities. According to increasing urban land uses and conversion of natural surfaces to other applications, necessity of evaluation the effects of each application on the urban environment temperature is crucial more than ever. This study aimed to extract the Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the Karaj Metropolitan using satellite images of the Landsat (TM, ETM+ and OLI/TIRS sensors) from 1985 to 2013 (1993, 2003 and 2013 periods). Land Surface Temperatures were extracted using available methods. Extraction methods of land surface temperature for TM and ETM+ sensors were: mono-window, single channel, SEBAL, Stephan-Boltzmann and Landsat project science office. Methods used to derive Land Surface Temperature in OLI/TIRS sensors were: mono-window, single channel (for TM and ETM+ sensors), single channel (for TIRS sensors), SEBAL, split-window, Stephan-Boltzmann and Landsat project science office. To select the best method, statistical analysis were applied. Selected methods were SEBAL (for TIRS sensor) and Stephan-Boltzmann (for TM and ETM+ sensors). In the following the Land Use/Cover maps were prepared for Karaj Metropolitan in 3periods. The relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) was described using the relevant analysis. Thermal analysis showed that basically industrial areas, major roads, sunny slopes and bare lands have the highest temperature and dense vegetated areas, parks and green spaces and water have the lowest surface temperatures in the urban land surface. While some dense residential centers are located near areas with high temperatures were identified as high temperature (heat islands) area. analysis of the relationship between Land Surface Temperature and vegetation cover (NDVI) showed that relationship between these two parameters is reversed together, moreover, when we close to the end of the year relationship between these two parameters have been decreased and relationship between these two parameters will be a direct (especially in the winter). While relationship between Land Surface Temperature with altitude and slope of land is different depending on time of year. In other words, the relationship between temperature with altitude and slope of land in the first half of the year (warm period) is direct and in the second half of the year (cold period) is inverse. The effect of the aspect on the land surface temperature was studied. The results showed that the west and northwest directions have lowest surface temperature (cold areas) and eastern and southeastern slopes have highest surface temperatures (warm areas) in the first half of the year. Also in the second half of the year, western, northwestern and southwestern slopes have lowest surface temperature (cold areas) and eastern, southeastern and southern slopes have highest surface temperatures (warm areas) in our study area

: On time and secure servicing by fire-fighters require the up to date and optimized routes for arriving on shortest possible time at incident place. However the lack of beneficial disaster management causes loss wealth and people. This study aims to propose a method for disaster management and sharing information by incorporating web-based system and relational data bases. The Ahvaz metropolitan city with its wide network of road and population was chosen for designing web-based system. For this purpose and n first step, accomplished need assessment. The second step, collecting data and ready and also implemented a geodatabase. a thin-client, centralized, web-based geographical information system implemented on top of a SqlServer database in order to facilitate firing data sharing and administration. Time has important role in response phase. This prototype is designed such that it finds the incident location and locates to nearest fire-station to incident. System creates the fastest route from nearest fire station to incident site and from there to hospital. Dijekstra algorithm used for routing analysis. Parameter of network consist of delay time, traffic light, travel time, length of travel, one way and two way street. Afterwards, development user interface by Javascript API for ArcGISserver. As a result, by utilizing this system, i.e. '' Ahvaz firing management platform''. The fire fighters are able to reach out an interactive map by their internet browsers in any time and every where.

 

The Evapotranspiration(ET) has been one of the important factors of hydrological cycle that should be estimated in irrigation projects, drainage and hydrological studies. Now the most accurate way to estimate this Parameter is using the Lysimeter. But using the Lysimeter is an expensive way to this end. Therefore, the Evapotranspiration estimation is mainly done by using meteorological parameters and applying empirical models. Penman-Monteith-FAO Equation is known as a standard method to calculate the Reference Evapotranspiration. This method requires expensive weather equipment so its usage is restricted in some areas. Therefore, alternative ways is always important. Remote Sensing is the one of the new methods to estimate Evapotranspiration. Remote Sensing can estimate Evapotranspiration rate from satellite images using SEBAL Algorithm. To implement the SEBAL algorithm, it needs to calculate important factors such as Surface Albedo, NDVI, Surface Temperature, Net Radiation flux, Net Heat flux, Sensible Heat flux and finally the daily Evapotranspiration in the area. For this purpose, in this research, four satellite images of Landsat 8 is used. By comparing the obtained results from SEBAL algorithm with Penman-Monteith-FAO methods, it’s presents that the MSE and MAE are 1.54 and 1.04 per day. In second part of this research to solve complexity of evaporation process, Artificial Neural Networks is used for forecasting evaporation pan. For this reason, perceptron network with Back-propagation learning algorithm is used in this study. This network used daily climate data that collected during 13 years from Safi Abad station in Dezful traning data. The obtained results from implement of neuarl network showes that the best results are obtaine with all input data and one hidden layer with 28 neurons. The implementation results presented the Statistical Indicators such as MSE=0.0032, MAE= 0.0445, R2 =0.9609. Comparing the obtained results from Artificial Neural Networks and Penman-monteith-FAO as reference method presented that MSE is 1.11 and MAE is 0.52 mm per day. These results shows that the performance of Artificial Neural Networks is better than the SEBAL algorithm in estimation of Evapotranspiration rate.

The earthquake has been ever considered as a serious threat for habitations and man-made artifacts. Suddenly encountering with such an event, it cannot be dealt with immediately. It is while the possible damages and casualties can be dramatically reduced by taking preventive action in advance through planning. Systematically examining and analyzing the crises, the management of crisis seeks to find a tool by which they can be prevented or if occurred, the affected places and people could be rescued widely.
It is very important to have a real perception of factors and measures affecting the risk of earthquake and the manner interacting with them. By looking at this natural event through a systematic approach, this study aims to draw a scientific and detail scheme for preparation and preventative planning using GIS and computational intelligence algorithms for zoning the risk of earthquake, locating a site for settling temporally and optimizing the temporary settlement of the people subjected to such risk based on pre-formulated plan. This study was constructed on the three sections: first, by reviewing of theoretical foundations of the subject, 19 effective measures
(population density, land use, area, building density, level of occupation, oldness, number of stories, skeletons, distance from firefighting and healthcare centers and open space and military bases, passages, closeness to fault and high voltage power and electricity post, metro and high pressure gas and gas station) in the risk of earthquake were extracted. Then, by defining the standard range and temporal variables, the functions of measures membership were designed and implemented in the two models of fuzzy inference system and fuzzy hierarchical analysis system. Next, in the fuzzy inference system, by defining the rules of risk on the basis of professionals 'view and in the fuzzy hierarchal analysis model, by determining the weights of each measures and integrating them, a zoning map was constructed. In the second section, using 12 measures( land use, area, distance from firefighting and healthcare centers, passages, closeness to fault and high voltage power and electricity post, metro and high pressure gas and gas station) based on two models of fuzzy inference system and fuzzy hierarchical analysis system, the zonings of temporary settlement were identified. In the last section, the shortest path accessing to temporary settlement site, service delivering range of settlement site and the nearest healthcare centers were prioritized by using the results of zoning the risk and the sites foe settling temporally as well as network analysis.
In the present study, the results from evaluation of the two models of fuzzy inference system and fuzzy hierarchical analysis system showed that fuzzy inference system is mostly (85%) consistent with human knowledge, whereas the fuzzy hierarchical analysis system only (41%) is in agreement with it.
In the risk zoning with fuzzy inference system, the low risk zoning with 32% (2.42km2) out of total area 7.2km2 is of the highest area. Also, the zoning with very high risk and high and intermediate risk and low risk were 22% (1.7km2), 19% (1.42km2), 8% (v0.64km2) respectively.
In the zoning of temporary settlement with fuzzy inference system, it is concluded that 25 sites with 1283628 m2 were identified, out of which 6 sites with 439477 m2 were in completely desirable condition and 7 sites with 424665m2 were in desirable condition. The other sites had average (11 sites) and unsuitable (1 site) conditions.
In the passage network analysis, the results showed that by taking the identified sites into account in the fuzzy hierarchical analysis system as well as fuzzy inference system the 1.6 km2 and 0.8km2 were beyond the coverage of temporary settlement up to 500 and 1000 m access to passages.
The constructed earthquake risk map is a useful guidance for reducing damage plan and management of crisis before occurrence.
 

Abstract
Name: Mehdi    Surname: Keykhaee Afousi

Title: Analysis of military maneuver operation in the battle field, with emphasis on localization of military units by using Remote Sensing and GIS, in Nasrabad area in Esfahan province.
Supervisor/s: Kazem Rangzan, Ph. D
Advisor/s: Ayub Taghizadeh- Dashtpa Hedayat
Degree: Master of Science
University: Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz
Department: Remote Sensing and GIS       Faculty: Earth science
Keywords: Analysis of operation area, Localization, GIS, fuzzy multi-criteria decision making
Abstract:
Analysis of operation area is the regular and continuous process which is based on analyzing of the geographical environment, climate and threats of the enemy in a specific area. Accurate and timely analysis is the key that leads to success against the enemy invasions in battlefields. Without awareness of them, not only the operation planning worth, but also would be a waste of manpower and military equipment. Rapid changes of battlefield and speed of data transmission is the characteristics of modern warfare. Using advanced techniques and accurate information, characteristics of the land and its complications can be interpreted and defense planning organized, properly. GIS with capabilities of different processes, helps planners and commanders in various stages of analysis, design and implementation. The purpose of this study is the localization of number of military units in the Nasrabad area, such as artillery and missile units, helicopter landing prone sites, prone areas of deployment of combat support units, suitable areas of observers, zoning of movement potential and determining penetrable routes and axes toward enemy using the fuzzy multi-criteria decision analysis methods. In this research twenty-two separate criteria and information layers were gathered in a geodatabase. Standardizing operation and overlapping was done using fuzzy operators. Since fuzzy AHP methods has a strong theoretical basis, in this research is used as weighting method. The results of the site selection analysis, with consideration of the military experts opinions and field visit, shows that combination of GIS and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making methods has been effective and proposed the best positions, direction and penetrable axes. According to the result, the suitable areas are located in foothill, semi-highland with the capabilities of appropriate mobility and taking maximum advantage of the terrain and geomorphology. Utilizing knowledge-based approaches of GIS and remote sensing with integrating of experience and knowledge of experts, will maintain forces, save time and costs in the battlefield

Existing of old towns and different urban problems related to unplanned city expansion, increases the threatening and afterword destructions that is caused by the earthquake. Crisis management trying to find means to prevent crises from occurring or to reduce its impact by analysis of systematic observation. The first phase in this study, Sanandaj city, which has five district municipalities, investigated to identify risk areas. To reach this goal, six criteria (Quality of Buildings, Housing Index, population density, number of floors, topography and slope, parks and green spaces) were chosen, then using SWOT Fuzzy-AHP method the dangerous zones were identified. In this analysis first, Using SWOT method, criteria such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analyzed then to quantify the results and ranking, the fuzzy AHP (FAHP) was applied. The results shows that region 2 with 0/16 % of the total areas, is the first vulnerable area and region 1, 4, 3 and 5 are in following respectively.
One of the most important issues that concern the organization of emergency management, is the select of locations for the temporary disaster relief. The second phase of this study is to identify sites for temporary housing for victims of the earthquake in the district number 3 of Sanandaj city. At this stage, 14 criterias (slope, faults, geology, health centers, fire stations, military bases, training centers, urban facilities and equipment, distance from the parks, area of parks, number of floors, building and power lines) were used to identify sites for temporary accommodation. After preparing the data layers and defining the fuzzy membership functions, the criterias were weighted using fuzzy AHP (FAHP) method. The results shows that the selected locations has slope of 2 to 6%, average population of 4,000 people, security and education land use , located at 2 and 3-storey buildings and so on. The selected locations are according to the proper standards.
 

The roads are important to connect people to each other. Unfortunately construction of roads is among the factors which destroy the natural resources. To protect the wild life, we have to remove problems related to roads. The evolution of the bio-ecology as one of the best ways for the achievement of a stable development can reduce the determents related to such problems. The purpose of this study is evaluate bio-ecologically the route to the high way of Khorramabad - Pol-e- Zal , using GIS techniques. Considering the vegetation of the region, its geological features, the use of its land, its topography, we determined the shortest way between these two points. Findings resulting from the use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and EC and Arc GIS software mad it clear that the constructed high way had been the shortest way which was rightly selected for the construction of the highway. This decision led to a reduced expenditure in construction of the highway. For the sake of a bio-ecological study, the changes made in the region during the years 2002-2013 were investigated using 7&8 Landsat images. First, the pictures were classied using a Support vector machine (SVM). Then, the change detection was made. The results of the change detection showed that large area of the forest was eradicated to construct the high way.

 Marine environment, including the ocean and coastal areas provides enormous opportunities for advancement of fisheries and the exploitation of natural resources. Fishing is an important source of income in Iran. Due to high requirements to identify rate of the distribution of fish resources; Satellite derived information plays an important role in fisheries applications. Remote sensing of ocean color data can be used in many applications, such as commercial fishing, marine transport, ocean mining, oil and gas exploration, hydrography, etc. Satellite imagery provide wide-area coverage and good temporal resulotion, can be great help in predicting potential fishing zone. The MODIS sensor and its multiple of thermal bands makes it a superior sensor compared to other sensors. In this thesis, the correlation coefficient value between MODIS satellite images and in-site water samples were at 0.84, which indicates an high accuracy of SST MODIS Images. So this thesis aims to determine potential fishing zone in the Persian Gulf, by using layers of sea surface temperature, sea surface height, chlorophyll - a and sea surface temperature gradient map, produced potential fishing zone map. Fuzzy method provided good decision making algorithm to determination of promising area. The result indicate that 82% of the selected area coincides with that of commercial fishing zones. with With targeted fishing can be increased catch Fish in a time less than the current time; This can be realized with the integration of remote sensing and GIS.

Urban gas network is one of the important urban infrastructure in times of crisis or relief interfere with the operations of the city, and thus puts increased damages; so this network as the most important components of any city in the the first priority is considered in times of crisis. management of crisis occurred requires a huge amount of accurately descriptive and spatial information, the technology of Web Gis is a appropriate solution for this issue, by providing access to descriptive and spatial information.The aim of this research design and implementation of WebGis system with applicable in Gas Company, in order to improve performances of force's actions. In order to implement this system, in the first step a needs assessment was conducted and based on the results , required data collection and editing. In the next step, ArcGisserver10.2 capabilities such as quick release data on the web, network analysis and etc, for provide GIS data in the Web, this software have been used.Then, in addition to the appropriate user interface design, analysis was performed by using programming languages HTML, JS and C#. The results show that the web-based spatial system have a high efficiency in enhance force's actions response and management decision making. System designed in this research, force's actions are able to access in the event of crisis and status of location, the optimum routing between occurrence location and force's actions location and Nearest valve to obtain the necessary knowledge about the location. Thus the algorithm used in this research in order routing optimization is Dijkstra algorithm. By using this system, force's actions are able after each mission, stored a report of it’s in the database and access their information in the shortest time needed. As a result, Web GIS systems may perform spatial analysis for both professional and non-professional users, Which leads to high efficiency of the system in the management of the urban crisis.